John Larimer, BridgeTower Media Newswires
Dear John,
I have a case in federal court in the early stages of discovery. My client possesses a significant amount of electronic data that I know I will need to produce. I have just received opposing counsel’s document demands and, while the subject matter of the information requested appears reasonable, I believe that some of his production criteria are unreasonable, such as demands for production of all the data in native format and producing the files inclusive of all associated metadata.
I have a few questions: (1) Can I object to my esteemed colleague’s demand that I produce the documents in this specific format? (2) If so, when should I raise this objection? (3) Does my objection need to take any particular form?
Yours Truly,
Sleepless in Syracuse
Dear Sleepless,
First, I commend you for recognizing the importance of objecting to opposing counsel’s demand that you produce your clients electronically stored information (ESI) in this manner. When analyzing an opponent’s discovery demands, it is always important to focus not just on the substance of the information demanded but on the format in which the demanding party wants the information to be produced. I also commend you for addressing this issue now, right after receiving opposing counsel’s document demands. As discussed below, clearly objecting to an opponent’s demand that ESI be produced in a particular format—and raising those objections in a timely fashion—is paramount.
It is important to consider ESI format when requesting and producing ESI during the discovery phase of litigation.
The format in which discoverable material is sought and produced is important when it comes to ESI such as emails, texts and electronic copies of documents. One of the basic issues to consider is how metadata is treated.
Metadata is often described as “information about information.” It is the data associated with an electronic file that describes things like how, when and by whom it was collected, created, accessed, modified or formatted. While certain metadata fields are typically produced in electronic document production, practitioners should take care to understand what exactly has been requested for production, and what they will be producing. Metadata can include information that is readily accessible to the viewer of the document, such as the date of creation and the identity of the author, but may also include a large amount of information that is ordinarily hidden from view—a good deal of which will be irrelevant. Sometimes, such metadata may contain information that is particularly sensitive or even privileged.
When ESI is produced in “native format,” it is produced to the demanding party in the same electronic format in which it existed in the hands of the producing party. For example, a spreadsheet created in Excel would be produced in its “native” format by simply providing the Excel file to the demanding party, who in turn would access the file by opening it in Excel. A document produced in native format will usually include all the metadata attached to the document.
Alternatively, ESI can be produced in modified electronic formats, such as “load files” or “image files.” Sometimes, when documents are produced in load file format, only certain metadata are included. The type of metadata included with a load file is sometimes negotiated at the outset of discovery.
What happens if the parties cannot agree on the format of the ESI?
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 34(b)(2)(E) specifically addresses the production format of ESI:
(E) Producing the Documents or Electronically Stored Information. Unless otherwise stipulated or ordered by the court, these procedures apply to producing documents or electronically stored information:
(i) A party must produce documents as they are kept in the usual course of business or must organize and label them to correspond to the categories in the request;
(ii) If a request does not specify a form for producing electronically stored information, a party must produce it in a form or forms in which it is ordinarily maintained or in a reasonably usable form or forms; and
(iii) A party need not produce the same electronically stored information in more than one form.
Note that if the demanding party does not specify the format for producing ESI, the producing party can produce the ESI in the form in which it is ordinarily maintained (i.e., native format) or “in a reasonably usable form or forms.”[1]
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 34(b)(2)(B) & -(D) provide that if the producing party objects to the ESI format requested by the demanding party, the producing party must: (1) state its objection with specificity; and (2) must state the alternative format it intends to use.[2]
Unless a different timeframe is stipulated to by the parties or ordered by the court, the producing party must object to the ESI format specified by the demanding party: (1) within 30 days of being served with the discovery demand; or (2) within 30 days of the parties’ first Rule 26(f) conference, if the demanding party delivers an “Early Rule 34 Request” to the producing party.[3]
If, after the producing party has raised an objection to the format of ESI and the demanding party is not satisfied with the alternative ESI format suggested by the producing party, the parties must meet and confer under Rule 37(a)(2)(B) to try to resolve the matter before the demanding party files a motion to compel.[4]
A party who neglects to timely and clearly object to a party’s demand that ESI be produced in a particular format risks waiver of its objections, as illustrated in a recent court order from the Eastern District of California in Morgan Hill Concerned Parents Association v. California Department of Education. [5] On the flipside, if a demanding party is not careful, its own actions may operate against waiver.[6]
By raising objections to the format of ESI early and clearly, and before the parties have produced documents, the producing party will be best positioned to prevail. This will also ensure that objections are raised and resolved early on, thereby avoiding the fate of the producing party in Morgan Hill, who was ordered by the Court to re-produce 29,000 documents that it had already produced to the demanding party, in the native format originally requested by the demanding party.[7]
The cost of failing to timely and clearly raise an objection to ESI format
In Morgan Hill, Plaintiff alleged that Defendant violated the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act, 20 U.S.C. §§ 1400 et seq. by failing to provide a “free appropriate public education” to children with disabilities.[8] Plaintiff demanded that Defendant produce ESI in its native format with all metadata attached.[9] Although Defendant objected to nearly all of Plaintiff’s other document demands, it did not object to the instruction that ESI be produced in native format.[10] Defendant also neglected to propose an alternative ESI format.[11] Ultimately, Defendant produced 29,000 documents, not in the native format specified by Plaintiff, but in a load file format without all metadata attached.[12]
Plaintiff subsequently moved to compel Defendant to produce the emails in native format.[13] Defendant argued it had already produced the ESI in “industry standard load format” and that reproducing the documents with metadata would be burdensome.[14] The Court found that Defendant failed to point to any authority establishing a specific load file format as the industry- or court-approved standard for document production.[15] Citing Rule 34(b)(1)(C), which provides that a demanding party is entitled to specify the format of ESI, the Court also rejected Defendant’s argument that “a requesting party cannot demand production in one format versus another just because one would allegedly ease a party’s review process.”[16]
Once Plaintiff specified its desired ESI format, it was then up to Defendant to raise an objection and propose an alternative ESI format within the timeframes established by Rule 34(b)(2)(A), which Defendant failed to do.[17] The Morgan Hill court found that Defendant only first raised an objection, “of sorts,” to Plaintiff’s desired ESI format in a letter dated Aug. 26, 2016, more than three years after Plaintiff served its document demands on Defendant.[18] Additionally, Defendant failed to propose an alternative ESI format, as required by Rule 34(b)(2)(D).[19] Consequently, the Court found Defendant’s Aug. 26, 2016 purported objection to be “untimely and separately, not a valid objection under Rule 34(b)(2)(D).”[20]
Although the Court held Defendant’s August 26, 2016 letter to be an untimely and invalid objection to ESI format, the Court nonetheless held that an “outright waiver based solely upon timeliness of the objection [was] not warranted” because Plaintiff: (1) failed to argue in its Motion to Compel that Defendant had waived any objections to format; and (2) attached to its Motion to Compel correspondence with Defendant in which Plaintiff conceded it had previously agreed to waive native format for the emails.[21] However, because Plaintiff had made its concession during negotiations and at all other times had consistently insisted on production in native format, the Court found that Plaintiff did not waive its right to seek production of ESI in native format[22]
Ultimately, the Court granted Plaintiff’s Motion to Compel.[23] The Court rejected Defendant’s argument that it would be too burdensome to re-produce 29,000 documents in Plaintiff’s desired native format, as any inconvenience to Defendant was of Defendant’s own making, namely for failing to object to native format ESI in the manner set forth in Fed. R. Civ. P. 34.[24]
Takeaways
For producing/objecting parties:
Raise objections to the format of ESI clearly, with specificity, and within the timeframes set forth in Fed. R. Civ. P. 34(b)(2)(A).
For the party seeking to compel production of ESI:
Argue in your Motion to Compel that your opponent has waived all objections to your discovery demands by failing to timely and/or properly object to them. Plaintiff’s failure to argue waiver in its Motion to Compel was one of the factors cited by the Morgan Hill court in declining to find an “outright waiver” of Defendant’s objections.
Do not stray from your discovery demand. In Morgan Hill, Plaintiff conceded during discovery negotiations that Defendant could produce emails in non-native format. Plaintiff’s waffling was the second factor cited by the Morgan Hill court in declining to find an “outright waiver” of Defendant’s objections.
John Larimer is founder and managing attorney of Larimer Law. Send questions about e-discovery to info@Larimer-Law.com. Lawrence Bice and Jennifer Castaldo contributed to this article.
[1] Fed. R. Civ. P. 34(b)(2)(E)(ii).
[2] Fed. R. Civ. P. 34(b)(2)(B), -(D).
[3] Fed. R. Civ. P. 34(b)(2)(A); 26(d)(2).
[4] Morgan Hill Concerned Parents Assoc. v. Cal. Dep’t of Edu., 2:11-cv-3471 KJM AC, LEXIS 14983, at *3 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 1, 2017) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 34 advisory committee’s note to 2006 Amendments).
[5] Morgan Hill Concerned Parents Assoc. v. Cal. Dep’t of Edu., No. 2:11-cv-3471 KJM AC, LEXIS 14983 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 1, 2017).
[6] Id.
[7] Morgan Hill, 2017 LEXIS 14983, at *12, 13.
[8] Morgan Hill, 2017 LEXIS 14983, at *1.
[9] Id., at *3.
[10] Id., at *3, 4.
[11] Id., at *3.
[12] Id., at *2-5, 9, 12.
[13] Id., at *2.
[14] Id.
[15] Id., at *9.
[16] Id., at *7.
[17] Id. at *10, 11.
[18] Id.
[19] Id.
[20] Id. at *11.
[21] Id. at *11, 12.
[22] Id. at *12, n. 14.
[23] Id. at *20.
[24] Id. at *12, 13 (“Since [Defendant] chose to ignore the Rules, and chose to ignore plaintiff’s request that ESI be produced in native format, the court will not now hear its complaint that it should not be made to reproduce the ESI in the requested format.”).
